Bonus, the man in the middle can see what packages you’re downloading since you’re not using HTTPS, so they know if you’re vulnerable during an update.
I never understood the insistence on using HTTP as a default for apt. Once HTTPS transport was available and tested (which took forever btw) then it should have become the default. Maybe this will spur some changes.
If your scale actually makes caching worth it you can run a local HTTPS mirror. If you don't control the endpoints to do that, you don't get to MiTM anything.
Not surprised at all. I remember all of the heated discussions (even here on HN) around there being absolutely no need for HTTPS because "everything is signed with PGP".
Exposing all of the internals of something to any and all MITM keeps on demonstrating how it's a dangerous idea.
Hopefully this example settles at least some of this pointless discussion.
No word as of yet if Ubuntu's apt is also impacted.
Sounds like the vulnerability is in the HTTP handling code, and because apt downloads packages over plain HTTP a man-in-the-middle position would be enough to exploit it.
It almost seems like a repeat of two previous apt vulnerabilities:
Despite with the 'no need for TLS, apt packages are signed' clowns would have you believe, you can usually point to a package mirror with https. This has the added advantage of preventing a mitm from knowing what packages you install or blocking selected packages.
Of course not, Debian is one of the most robust pieces of software around. They wouldn't do something idiotic like relying on the hash being sent with the payload through the same channel.
I think the idea is that debian distributes the hash themselves through their domain, and mirrors offer the downloads either through http or https. So that you don't need to trust the mirror, you just verify the debian given hash. Only weakness would be a hash collision or a cve like this.
AFAIK this isn't actually true for any distribution. This would break selfhosted mirrors and their clients hosted on airgapped networks, and create a single point of failure for users.
The way packages are validated actually is through the same channel as you download the packages themselves from (IE your mirror), they just are signed with the Debian package signing key(ring), of which only a select few maintainers have authorized private keys for.
This does mean an adversary (whether a MITM if you're using HTTP or malicious operator on the mirror server itself) can technically serve you old versions of an (officially signed) package indefinitely and your package manager would be none the wiser, but otherwise this approach actually works quite well.
Well, of course there is "Selbstreparaturparadoxon", but nobody uses that. This is more like a Münchhausen-Problem, where Baron Münchhausen pulls himself out of the swamp by his own hair.
There have already been quite a few vulnerabilities in the implementation that would have been avoided if the transport itself was simply protected in line with the industry standard practice of using TLS by default.
Still places trust in the download servers, which makes them a juicy target
But yes, they could have mentioned HTTPS to make the announcement at least half-assed. Even just saying "good luck not getting exploited" would be an improvement over literally nothing
Yikes, that vuln in apt is pretty bad! I think a lot of the newer wave of vulnerabilities being found generally seem to have a low likelihood of being reached, but this seems somewhat plausible? I'm assuming this would be done by compromising a mirror, in order to do the redirect?
More likely just a man in the middle attack. Apt typically uses HTTP (no TLS) as the signatures give the security. But in this case it sounds like the vulnerability is that after a successful signature check the legit file can be overridden by the attacker through some HTTP shenanigans.
It's not 'Attack Vector: Network' in cvss, so it's probably scoring lower than a 7.
EDIT: With 'AV:Adjacent Network' and A 'User Interaction: Required' and max impact (High on Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability, assuming worst case), then it gets a score of 8.
The subjectives lower the severity to my eyes as well, including the use of HTTP mirrors (which is the default notwithstanding), and the attacker needing to be an existing mirror at the time of the announcement, which is already a vetted group (or be in the path between the user and the mirrors, umm that is quite possible though, but quite hard to target). And finally the window for the disclosure and attacks is almost null, someone needs to use apt to be vulnerable, but if they use apt, they are probably autoupdating apt itself, I wonder if a simple 'apt install thing' will trigger an apt upgrade, in order to patch those that are not running autoupgrades.
I always strongly argue against framing MITM scenarios as AV:Adjacent as MITM attacks can be performed at any point of the transmission path. If someone MITMs the package mirror the attacker is certainly not adjacent to the vulnerable component. I argue in favor of using Attack Complexity: High instead, as you do need to be in a MITM position.
And while UI:Required could be argued, there are also unattended upgrades and updates are performed regularly anyway. CVSS 4 makes some progress here with UI active vs passive, but ultimately CVSS is often not helpful for capturing the unique risk of a vulnerability.
This is my best guess on what's happening based on the limited information linked.
1) Apt downloads first package (unmodified)
2) apt checks signature -> signature checked and remembered as valid
3) apt downloads second package, http redirect to the same url as package 1
4) the second package overwrite first one due to sharing URL. The temporary storage name or download cache key is derived from URL.
5) signature for package 2 fails but first one (already overwritten by bad one) is still considered good
6) Package 1 gets executed because the signature check already passed in step 2
Note sure where exactly resuming an HTTP download fits in. Maybe step 4 also requires pausing and resuming the update process. Which could involve some state serialization/deserialization vulnerable to conflicting URL confusion.
> APT can merge two different package downloads after an HTTP redirect gives
them the same URI
It sounds like the verification is ran but there is some deduplication or caching involved keyed on the destination of the url redirect, not the original source.
So could imagine a malicious server that:
Responds for a request for foo.deb with a redirect to evil.deb containing the original foo.deb. This validates properly.
Responds with a second request for bar.deb with a redirect again to evil.deb that now returns a malicious package. The downloading code thinks it has already validated evil.deb
I never understood the insistence on using HTTP as a default for apt. Once HTTPS transport was available and tested (which took forever btw) then it should have become the default. Maybe this will spur some changes.
Exposing all of the internals of something to any and all MITM keeps on demonstrating how it's a dangerous idea.
Hopefully this example settles at least some of this pointless discussion.
Sounds like the vulnerability is in the HTTP handling code, and because apt downloads packages over plain HTTP a man-in-the-middle position would be enough to exploit it.
It almost seems like a repeat of two previous apt vulnerabilities:
In 2019: https://lists.debian.org/debian-security-announce/2019/msg00...
And in 2014: https://lists.debian.org/debian-security-announce/2014/msg00...
I think the idea is that debian distributes the hash themselves through their domain, and mirrors offer the downloads either through http or https. So that you don't need to trust the mirror, you just verify the debian given hash. Only weakness would be a hash collision or a cve like this.
The way packages are validated actually is through the same channel as you download the packages themselves from (IE your mirror), they just are signed with the Debian package signing key(ring), of which only a select few maintainers have authorized private keys for.
This does mean an adversary (whether a MITM if you're using HTTP or malicious operator on the mirror server itself) can technically serve you old versions of an (officially signed) package indefinitely and your package manager would be none the wiser, but otherwise this approach actually works quite well.
I think this demonstrates exactly why everything should be https.
Is there a German word for a broken tool that can only be fixed by using the same broken tool?
Odd, I am not familiar with that that German word.
Of course, that breaks if implementation checks the signatures in wrong moment
If necessary, with instructions for downloading and verifying it out of band
Or maybe by passing a parameter to the old apt that disables the vulnerable HTTP download resumption when downloading the new apt
But yes, they could have mentioned HTTPS to make the announcement at least half-assed. Even just saying "good luck not getting exploited" would be an improvement over literally nothing
Is it going to be fixed for oldstable?
bookworm-security has the fix
I didn't know that about apt, interesting choice!
EDIT: With 'AV:Adjacent Network' and A 'User Interaction: Required' and max impact (High on Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability, assuming worst case), then it gets a score of 8.
The subjectives lower the severity to my eyes as well, including the use of HTTP mirrors (which is the default notwithstanding), and the attacker needing to be an existing mirror at the time of the announcement, which is already a vetted group (or be in the path between the user and the mirrors, umm that is quite possible though, but quite hard to target). And finally the window for the disclosure and attacks is almost null, someone needs to use apt to be vulnerable, but if they use apt, they are probably autoupdating apt itself, I wonder if a simple 'apt install thing' will trigger an apt upgrade, in order to patch those that are not running autoupgrades.
I always strongly argue against framing MITM scenarios as AV:Adjacent as MITM attacks can be performed at any point of the transmission path. If someone MITMs the package mirror the attacker is certainly not adjacent to the vulnerable component. I argue in favor of using Attack Complexity: High instead, as you do need to be in a MITM position.
And while UI:Required could be argued, there are also unattended upgrades and updates are performed regularly anyway. CVSS 4 makes some progress here with UI active vs passive, but ultimately CVSS is often not helpful for capturing the unique risk of a vulnerability.
1) Apt downloads first package (unmodified)
2) apt checks signature -> signature checked and remembered as valid
3) apt downloads second package, http redirect to the same url as package 1
4) the second package overwrite first one due to sharing URL. The temporary storage name or download cache key is derived from URL.
5) signature for package 2 fails but first one (already overwritten by bad one) is still considered good
6) Package 1 gets executed because the signature check already passed in step 2
Note sure where exactly resuming an HTTP download fits in. Maybe step 4 also requires pausing and resuming the update process. Which could involve some state serialization/deserialization vulnerable to conflicting URL confusion.
> APT can merge two different package downloads after an HTTP redirect gives them the same URI
It sounds like the verification is ran but there is some deduplication or caching involved keyed on the destination of the url redirect, not the original source.
So could imagine a malicious server that:
Responds for a request for foo.deb with a redirect to evil.deb containing the original foo.deb. This validates properly.
Responds with a second request for bar.deb with a redirect again to evil.deb that now returns a malicious package. The downloading code thinks it has already validated evil.deb
How are you going to update if apt is compromised?
Download the package with your http client of choice, install with sudo dpkg --verify -i